The ISO (international standards organization) tried to standardize the different protocols that were being used and came up with the OSI model. It is a conceptual model which characterizes the internal functions of a communication system by breaking it up into abstraction layers.
In the late 1960's, DARPA conducted research which resulted in a different model which was based around 2 different protocols, TCP and IP. It ended up becoming the most widely used standard because of TCP's reliability.
- Birth of DARPA and ARPANET
DARPA (defense advanced research project agency) was created to keep up the United States technological advantage after the Russians launched Sputnik 1. In order to speed up the transfer of information, DARPA came up with the concept of interconnected computers which became what we know as ARPANET.
- Modern internet foundations:
There were four foundations which allowed the creation of the modern internet that we all use today.
ARPANET - Designed by DARPA for information and file transfer.
RAND corp - Conceptualized a military network in the United States.
NPL national physical laboratory - Had a commercial network in England.
CYCLADES - France had a Scientific network
In order to decentralize the networks in case of military attack, the best option was the use of distributed networks so that a strike couldn't isolate a network. This laid the focus on connecting the different networks together which gave birth to the idea inter-net.
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